In South America1810–1825
Spanish America wins independence
From Mexico to Argentina, led by Bolívar, San Martín and others, Spain’s colonies broke away and became a dozen republics.
Rio de Janeiro, 4 Nov 1823 – Lisbon, 31 Jan 1891
8 facts2 sources
4 Nov 1823
Born in Rio de Janeiro
19 Jun 1860
A daughter is born
31 Jan 1891
Dies in Lisbon, aged 67
He lived through 8 decades. Pick one to hear and see what it was like around Rio de Janeiro.
General history, not a record about the family: each item says where it comes from.
Who governed
Monarch of Portugal, 1816–1826 · Kingdom of Portugal
Emperor of Brazil, 1822–1831 · Empire of Brazil
Monarch of Portugal, 1826–1828 · Kingdom of Portugal
In South America1810–1825
From Mexico to Argentina, led by Bolívar, San Martín and others, Spain’s colonies broke away and became a dozen republics.
Getting around
Decorated lead mules guided the way
Lead mules were decorated with ornaments like peacock feathers, shells, and ribbons, and wore a bell to help guide the rest of the herd.
In the news1824
The first group of German immigrants arrived in Rio de Janeiro on a Dutch ship, marking the beginning of organized European migration in this period. These immigrants were part of efforts to settle and develop different regions of the country.
What people wore
Informal home attire for men
Brazilian men often discarded stiff outer layers at home, wearing only a cotton shirt, knee-length breeches, and clogs. Only a few elite men owned nightgowns, which were used to signal worldliness and status.
Daily life
Lack of water and sewage infrastructure
Running water and sewage systems were non-existent, so enslaved people transported water from public fountains or rivers in buckets and removed waste using barrels known as tigres. Bathing often occurred in small basins or tubs, sometimes using tin sheets.
In the news1820
The Liberal Revolution of 1820 erupted in Porto, demanding the return of the king, the expulsion of the British, and a new constitution.
Music
Music in religious festivals
Religious festivals often featured processions with choirs, orchestras, and traditional groups like congados, which were pantomimic folk dances of African origin.