Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma

What it cost

Regulated bread and food distribution during crises

In times of famine, authorities in the Duchy fixed maximum daily purchase quantities for cereals to limit speculation. They also opened state-run shops to sell bread made from lower-quality cereals and pulses at low, controlled prices to help the poorest citizens.

Music

Lute purchased for 6 scudi

In July 1559, the court paid 6 scudi moneta to the maker Master Martino for a lute, highlighting the instrument's role in personal entertainment for the nobility.

Daily life

Ursuline education for girls

Ursuline sisters in Parma and Piacenza managed a unique form of cloister that allowed them to leave their homes to attend church and teach local girls. Families valued this education because it provided a controlled way for their daughters to be seen in public.

Work

Peasant Rents and Sales

Peasant families paying rent for land often paid in money and agricultural products, such as an inescapable pair of capons due by November 11th, St. Martin's Day. They supplemented their income by selling surplus wine, poultry, eggs, and cheese.

Getting around

Slow daily travel speeds

Under normal conditions in the 17th century, travelers and cargo rarely moved more than 25 miles per day, with speeds decreasing significantly in bad weather or difficult terrain.

At the table

Taxes on everyday foods

During the mid-17th century, authorities imposed specific taxes on everyday food items including cheese, fruits, wine, cakes, pastries, salami, and fresh pork.