Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma

What it cost

Regulated bread and food distribution during crises

In times of famine, authorities in the Duchy fixed maximum daily purchase quantities for cereals to limit speculation. They also opened state-run shops to sell bread made from lower-quality cereals and pulses at low, controlled prices to help the poorest citizens.

Music

Musicians paid for long service

In 1559, a group of musicians led by Antonino Barbieri was paid 25 scudi moneta and 20 soldi for playing during the duchess's extended visit to Piacenza.

Daily life

Kitchen life in Piacenza's Apennines

In the Piacenza Apennines, the kitchen was the family hub, featuring a large, protruding wooden hood over a hearth where fires were sometimes built directly on the floor. Wealthy families often built niches into the walls beside the fireplace, allowing them to rest and stay warm near the fire.

Work

Unpaid Apprenticeships for Bakers

To become a professional baker, an apprentice often had to work for free for at least five years. Only the most skilled apprentices were eventually awarded a salary.

Getting around

Slow daily travel speeds

Under normal conditions in the 17th century, travelers and cargo rarely moved more than 25 miles per day, with speeds decreasing significantly in bad weather or difficult terrain.

At the table

Taxes on everyday foods

During the mid-17th century, authorities imposed specific taxes on everyday food items including cheese, fruits, wine, cakes, pastries, salami, and fresh pork.