Wilhelm V, Duke of Bavaria

What people wore

Basic and durable peasant clothing

Ordinary people in the region wore basic garments made of wool or fustian, with men typically wearing tunics, hosen, and hats, while women wore dresses, aprons, and head coverings. Their clothing was functional and designed to be durable, often passed down or kept until it fell apart to maximize its investment value.

Daily life

Emergence of village schools in Hesse

Before the Reformation, village schools were reportedly non-existent in Hesse, but by 1556, visitors noted the establishment of seven village schools in the central region of the principality. Martin Luther emphasized that schools were necessary for both boys and girls to learn to conduct the affairs of life.

Work

Peasant life in medieval villages

Peasants comprised over 90 percent of the population, with most families living in small, manor-based villages. Their work was strictly gendered: men plowed and cleared land, while women handled food preparation, spinning, and caring for small animals.

Music

School children singing for income

School children were required to sing German hymns daily at church services and earned extra money by singing at funerals and in front of wealthy citizens' houses.

At the table

Pork was a preferred, expensive luxury

Pork was the most prized meat for ordinary families, often costing one-third more than beef in the late medieval period. While commoners ate meat, it was particularly valued as a sign of prosperity and was often eaten during holidays or festivals.

Getting around

Slow pace of travel

Travel was slow and unpredictable, with average travelers covering only 30 to 45 kilometers per day, though some could reach up to 80 kilometers. Journeys were often delayed by poor road conditions, weather, or the need to stop for horse fodder every 20 to 40 kilometers.

What it cost

Wages for court servants in Hesse

In the mid-16th century, a gunner serving the Landgrave of Hesse at the court in Kassel received an annual salary of 24 to 32 gulden, plus benefits like Hofkleider (court clothing) and food.