In the news1808–1814
Outbreak of the War of Independence, 1808
The Spanish War of Independence began in 1808, leading to massive destruction and an estimated death toll of up to 500,000 people.
Madrid, 31 Jan 1818 – Trieste, 13 Jan 1861
8 facts3 sources
31 Jan 1818
Born in Madrid
13 Jan 1861
Dies in Trieste, aged 42
He lived through 6 decades. Pick one to hear and see what it was like around Madrid.
General history, not a record about the family: each item says where it comes from.
In the news1808–1814
The Spanish War of Independence began in 1808, leading to massive destruction and an estimated death toll of up to 500,000 people.
Getting around
Daily travel speeds on horseback
Postal services and private individuals traveling by horse in the early 19th century could reach average speeds of 36 to 48 kilometers per day. Under optimal conditions on well-maintained roads with fresh horses available at post houses, some could cover 50 to 55 kilometers daily.
At the table
Daily food basket costs in 1819
In 1819, purchasing a basket of basic daily essentials cost a family approximately 6.83 reales, which consumed over 68% of their daily income.
In Europe · 1803–1815The Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon’s armies redrew the map of Europe from Spain to Moscow; his invasion of Portugal sent its court to Rio de Janeiro.
What people wore
Essential outdoor attire for women
Regardless of social class, women wore a black basquiña skirt and a mantilla over their other clothes when going out in public or to church. These garments were considered so essential that they were present in every dowry, whether from a wealthy or modest family.
Music
Boleras dominance in theater performances
During the 1811 theatrical season in Cádiz, boleras were the most performed dance, accounting for over 27 percent of all dance and song performances.
Daily life
Scarcity and Management of Drinking Water
In coastal cities like Cadiz, drinking water was scarce and often brought in casks from nearby springs, requiring households to collect rainwater in cisterns. This water was meticulously managed for specific uses like cooking, drinking, or cleaning.