Tsarevna Irina Mikhailovna of Russia

What people wore

Footwear by social class

Ordinary peasant women wore bast shoes made from tree bark or vine twigs, whereas wealthier women wore boots or shoes made from leather, velvet, or brocade with high heels.

Daily life

Smoke and Light in the Home

In most homes, chimneys were not used until the 18th century, so smoke from the stove often exited through a hole in the roof or simply filled the living space. For artificial light during dark winters, families used luchiny, which were thin splinters of resinous pine burned in a metal holder.

Work

Common Trades of City Dwellers

Urban workers were often classified by their crafts, including food producers like bakers, metal workers, tanners, and various service providers like bathhouse attendants and porters. Many individuals combined multiple trades to survive, especially given the seasonal nature of their work and the economic impact of the Time of Troubles.

Music

Singing spiritual songs at home

Spiritual songs known as stikhi were sung by men, women, and beggars at home and church-related events without instrumental accompaniment.

At the table

Rye bread and occasional festive treats

Rye bread was the standard daily bread, while wheat flour was reserved for special occasions like holiday cakes or rolls, which ordinary people considered a great treat. Meat and fish were often consumed only during major religious holidays or periods of heavy field labor.

Getting around

Carrying Supplies for Long Journeys

Because inns were rare, travelers were advised to carry essential supplies including an axe, fire-starting equipment, a cooking pot, and food for the entire duration of the journey. In the 16th and 17th centuries, many travelers were forced to camp under the open sky along riverbanks.

What it cost

Costs of basic food staples

Prices for basic goods included one kopeck for a kilogram of bread, while a chicken cost three kopecks, the same price as 50 eggs or 1.5 kilograms of butter.