In the news1860
Petroleum lamps replaced candles for lighting
Starting in 1860, petroleum lamps replaced candles and tallow lights in German households, significantly improving home lighting.
Paris, 1861 – Paris, 4 Mar 1918
9 facts2 sources
1861
Born in Paris
20 Sep 1899
A son is born
4 Mar 1918
Dies in Paris
He lived through 6 decades. Pick one to hear and see what it was like around Paris.
General history, not a record about the family: each item says where it comes from.
In the news1860
Starting in 1860, petroleum lamps replaced candles and tallow lights in German households, significantly improving home lighting.
Getting around
Travel between Sardinian towns by road
A diligence service connected Sassari and Cagliari in 30 hours, while horse-drawn carriages could also be hired for travel between towns at a cost of 5 francs per day per horse.
At the table
Daily Meals Based on Soup and Bread
Ordinary families typically relied on a single daily meal, often a soup (minestra) made of vegetables, potatoes, lard, or salted pork, frequently served with bread. For many, meat was an exceptional treat reserved for Sundays, holidays, or celebrations like weddings.
In Europe · 1859–1871Italy is unified. Garibaldi, Cavour and Victor Emmanuel joined the Italian states into one kingdom, with Rome its capital from 1871.
What people wore
Costumes as social and marital indicators
Sardinian folk costumes acted as indicators of social status, with wealth signaled by the quality and dye of the fabric, the number of buttons, or the type of metal used for finger rings. Marital status was often signaled by the color of a dress, the type of hairstyle, or a man's vest color.
Music
Songs at wool-carding gatherings
During social wool-carding gatherings, young men offered flowers to women accompanied by sung verses, with the women required to respond in kind.
Daily life
Seasonal hamlet schools for children
Children in mountain regions often attended hamlet schools during the winter season, which lasted only three to five months to accommodate the rural economy. These schools were frequently financed by private family donations and could even reduce lessons to two-and-a-half hours daily in areas with low financial capacity.