In the news1805
State Peasant Resettlement Begins in 1805
In 1805, the government launched a systematic state-sponsored resettlement policy, moving thousands of land-starved state peasants from crowded areas to borderland provinces with new tax exemptions.
Getting around
Travel by horse-drawn relay transport
Between 1800 and 1824, ordinary people traveled between towns primarily using horse-drawn carriages, wagons, or sledges, often relying on the state-run relay system to secure fresh horses at designated postal stations. Travelers were required to carry an official permit called a podorozhnaya to document their route and status at these stations.
At the table
Rye bread and cabbage soup staple
Ordinary families relied heavily on rye bread and shchi, a cabbage soup that was a dietary staple and was often made with sour, fermented grey cabbage.
What people wore
Protective patches in peasant shirts
Peasant women stitched scarlet calico patches into the armpits of their linen shirts, serving as both decoration and an amulet to protect the body from unclean forces.
Music
Large communal round dances called khorovod
Ordinary people held khorovods, which were large communal round dances that could involve up to one hundred participants. These dances were often accompanied by a cappella singing, though in some southern regions, they featured instruments like small reed pipes called zhaleika, pan-flutes known as kugikly, and horns called rozhok.
Daily life
Children's home education
Many merchant and commoner children were educated at home by local sextons or clerks, with the Psalter and Book of Hours serving as their primary textbooks. Formal schooling remained rare for these groups, as even many noble children relied on varied levels of home instruction.