Galina Nikolaevna Nikolayeva

Getting around

Railways revolutionized long-distance travel speed

The railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow, opened in 1851, reduced travel time between the two cities from four days by carriage to 22 hours by train.

At the table

Sunflower seeds as a social snack

During social gatherings, villagers enjoyed companionship while husking sunflower seeds and spitting the shells onto the floor. These seeds were popular treats for children, gifts for hosts, and a common snack accompanying village conversation.

What people wore

Rubber overshoes as rural status symbols

Rubber overshoes became a huge fashion trend in villages; people would wear them even in 30-degree summer heat just to show them off while attending church.

Music

Harmonicas were popular affordable instruments

A harmonica was a common and relatively affordable instrument for villagers, often costing between 10 and 25 rubles to purchase.

Daily life

Early schooling in rural communities

Children typically began school at age seven, though girls often left after a year or two to help with household chores, while boys were more likely to complete the course. Many peasant communities hired their own teachers and rotated classroom space among homes when a dedicated school was not available.