In the news1807–1811
French Invasions Ruin Economy (1807-1811)
The French invasions of 1807, 1809, and 1810-1811 caused widespread devastation, economic ruin, and the temporary departure of the royal family to Brazil.
Milan, 31 Jul 1812 – Lisbon, 26 Jan 1873
10 facts3 sources
31 Jul 1812
Born in Milan
1 Dec 1831
A daughter is born
26 Jan 1873
Dies in Lisbon, aged 60
She lived through 7 decades. Pick one to hear and see what it was like around Milan.
General history, not a record about the family: each item says where it comes from.
Who governed
Monarch of Portugal, 1777–1816 · Kingdom of Portugal
Monarch of Portugal, 1816–1826 · Kingdom of Portugal
What people wore
Cost of wedding attire
A wedding dress for an ordinary person usually cost up to 30 ducats, though wealthy families could spend up to 300 ducats on garments with gold and silver fabrics.
Getting around
The Lettiga: A Mule-Drawn Carriage
The lettiga, a national carriage suspended between two mules, was a common way to travel through regions lacking roads suitable for wheeled vehicles. It was notoriously fatiguing and slow, moving at an average speed of about three miles per hour.
At the table
Staple meals for working families
Working-class families often ate pasta, specifically a cheap, mixed-quality version called monnezzaglia, or relied on tavern food like the hearty minestra maritata soup made with meat and vegetables.
In Europe · 1803–1815The Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon’s armies redrew the map of Europe from Spain to Moscow; his invasion of Portugal sent its court to Rio de Janeiro.
In the news1807–1811
The French invasions of 1807, 1809, and 1810-1811 caused widespread devastation, economic ruin, and the temporary departure of the royal family to Brazil.
Music
The tarantella: a dance of courtship
Ordinary people danced the tarantella, a passionate courtship dance that viewers saw as a living poem of love. It was performed by young people using castanets and tambourines, often accompanied by singing.
Daily life
Gender-restricted education controlled by the Church
There was no compulsory schooling, and education was heavily influenced by the Church, with 30 articles regulating male education versus only 22 for females. While boys could study reading, writing, and arithmetic, girls' education was largely restricted to domestic arts, catechism, and religious duties.