Ana de Jesus Maria de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto

Music

Common instruments in rural homes

In rural Minho, it was rare to find a house without a viola or a cavaquinho, and sometimes a harmonica, which later became known as a concertina. Spontaneous neighborhood parties often erupted when someone started playing these instruments.

Daily life

Cooking and diet basics

Common people cooked their meals over an open fire, often using three stones or basic hearths without chimneys, while water was generally not piped into their homes. Diet for laborers was simple, consisting primarily of bread, vegetables, bacon, and occasionally sardines or cod.

What it cost

Low wages for Porto factory workers

In Porto, factory workers earned an average of 420 réis per day in the late 19th century, while young female workers often received only about 40 réis, which was not enough to purchase a single kilogram of bread.

What people wore

Heirloom Clothing Among Coastal Fishermen

Fishermen in the Beira Litoral region traditionally wore wide linen drawers and a wool cap while working, only adding a jacket when it was cold. Sunday or ceremonial outfits, including breeches and silver-buckled shoes, were often passed down through generations as precious family heirlooms.

Getting around

Hiring Mules and Drivers

Travelers often rode mules, which were paid up to 12 testoons per day; the driver (arrieiro) was expected to be paid 240 réis per day in addition to his food.

At the table

Widespread wine consumption among the people

Wine was the most common beverage consumed by the general population in abundance. In some regions, like the Azores, the common people consumed a low-quality wine made from American Isabel grapes.