Manuel of Braganza

Music

Cornetto and dulcian in church services

By the early 17th century, the cornetto and dulcian became standard instruments in major Portuguese cathedrals to double or replace vocal parts. The dulcian was especially versatile, serving as a musical bridge between singers and instrumentalists, and was played during Sunday services and holy days.

At the table

Bacalhau as a faithful friend

Dried and salted cod, known as bacalhau, was a highly valued source of animal protein for the poor because it was affordable, durable, and could be stretched to feed many people.

Daily life

Low literacy rates in Porto region

In the region of Porto during this period, only about 16% of the population could read and write.

What people wore

Festive clothing for men and women

For festivities, women wore a long red underskirt and a fitted, brightly colored blouse, often carrying their varnished wooden clogs (socos) by hand to avoid damaging them before reaching the feast site. Men wore embroidered linen shirts, cashmere trousers with a red sash, and plush vests for these special celebrations.

Getting around

Travel Methods and Daily Distances

Travel occurred on foot, by animal, or by boat, with daily distances of around 40 km for those traveling with horses, though much slower for those with bovine-drawn transport.

What it cost

Declining living standards in the 1600s

During the 17th century, living standards for both skilled and unskilled workers in cities like Lisbon and Coimbra declined, placing Portugal among European countries with falling living standards at the time.