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What people wore

Valuable Noblewoman's Clothing

Seventeenth-century noblewomen's wills show that items like fur-lined coats, velvet dresses, and specific headgear such as caps and wimples were vital assets, sometimes valued higher than silver or jewelry.

Daily life

Life regulated by bells and time

Daily rhythms were regulated by church bells, such as the Angelus, which signaled the start of work in the morning, meal breaks at noon, and the end of the day in the evening. School bells also began to be used to call students to class at specific times.

Work

Compulsory labour and tribute on noble estates

Peasants frequently performed unpaid manual labour, known as panszczyzna, on noble estates while also maintaining their own households, growing crops, and raising livestock. They were often required to provide additional tribute in grain, poultry, and forest goods like mushrooms and berries to landowners.

Music

Carnival Sleigh Rides and Dancing

Noblemen hosted multi-day carnival sleigh rides between mansions, traveling from house to house with musicians to feast, drink, and dance while often wearing masks and costumes.

At the table

Poppy Seeds in Daily Diet

Poppy seeds were consumed in large quantities, not just for flavor but as a base for sauces, dishes, and oils. They were eaten in a similar way to how other cultures might use millet.

Getting around

River travel was faster than land journeys

River transport was essential for passengers and goods, with boats traveling approximately 46 kilometers per day on routes like the Vistula. This was faster and safer than land travel, which often suffered from muddy or wobbly roads.

What it cost

Cost of Bread and Shoes

Basic items were affordable: bread cost less than one grosz, and a pair of shoes ranged from 9 to 24 grosze in the 17th century. In 1671, the price of a pair of shoes reached 19.1 grosze.