Elizabeth I of England

At the table

Diet of pottage and oats

Families frequently ate pottage, a thick soup or stew made from whatever was available, such as oats, peas, beans, and vegetables like cabbage or leeks. Oat-based foods like porridge and bannocks—rough, thick cakes—formed the core of their daily diet.

What people wore

Saffron-Dyed Shirts and Waterproof Coatings

Highlanders commonly wore a long linen shirt dyed with saffron as their primary garment, sometimes coating the fabric with wax, tallow, or even tar to make it damp-proof.

Getting around

Horse litters and ferry travel utilized

When travel by land was impractical due to illness or pregnancy, people of rank sometimes used horse litters, though these were unsuitable for long journeys. Water travel was essential, with ferries routinely carrying people, livestock, and goods across firths and rivers.

What it cost

High Cost of Subsistence Goods

Rising costs of basic goods hit the poor harder than the rich because subsistence households relied heavily on expensive domestic agricultural products like grain and ale.

Music

Church music and the Reformation impact

In the early 16th century, Scottish churches commonly used organs, while high-status occasions featured trumpets, shalms, and clarions. By the mid-16th century, the Reformation led to the removal of organs and the disbanding of choirs in many churches.

Daily life

Small, One-Room Homes with Open Fires

Ordinary people lived in small, one-room houses with an open central fire for cooking and warmth, where smoke escaped through gaps in the roof.