Monarch of Portugal, 1777–1816 · Kingdom of Portugal
In the news1796
French Invasion and Republics (1796)
French armies invaded Italy in 1796, initiating the era of the Italian Republics and ending the old order of the Settecento. This brought new political systems and constitutions that transformed the map of the peninsula.
Music
Regulation and costs of festival music
Under a 1766 regulation, professional music directors were required to pay one tostão for every festival they directed. They also had to submit annual reports detailing the number of singers and instrumentalists involved and the amount each was paid.
In Europe · 1789–1799
The French Revolution. Parisians stormed the Bastille in 1789; the monarchy fell, the king was executed, and “liberty, equality, fraternity” spread across Europe.
Unidentified painter · public domain
Daily life
Rural living and animal cohabitation
In rural homes, families sometimes lived in a single room where they slept and ate alongside their domestic animals.
In the news1799
Anti-Republican Risings (1799)
Popular anti-republican uprisings occurred throughout Italy during the summer and autumn of 1799, reflecting the intense instability following the French invasion and the collapse of the newly formed republican systems.
What people wore
Linen for life and coarse work clothes
In Lousada, families stored fine linen for a lifetime to create feast-day clothing and religious vestments, while coarse tow fabric was used for everyday and work clothes.
Getting around
Introduction of the Mala-posta Stagecoach
In 1798, a new public stagecoach service known as the mala-posta was established between Lisbon and Coimbra to improve travel for people and mail.