Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg

What people wore

Basic and durable peasant clothing

Ordinary people in the region wore basic garments made of wool or fustian, with men typically wearing tunics, hosen, and hats, while women wore dresses, aprons, and head coverings. Their clothing was functional and designed to be durable, often passed down or kept until it fell apart to maximize its investment value.

Daily life

Water access and dense housing in Kassel

In the mid-16th century, Kassel's streets featured running streams, such as the Drusel, which provided an accessible water source throughout the city. Houses were densely built, often utilizing timber-frame construction.

Work

Peasant life in medieval villages

Peasants comprised over 90 percent of the population, with most families living in small, manor-based villages. Their work was strictly gendered: men plowed and cleared land, while women handled food preparation, spinning, and caring for small animals.

Music

School children singing for income

School children were required to sing German hymns daily at church services and earned extra money by singing at funerals and in front of wealthy citizens' houses.

At the table

Grain porridges were a staple food

For ordinary rural families, the daily diet relied heavily on grain-based porridges made from millet or oats, often cooked with water or milk and seasoned with salt. While bread was more common among the nobility and townspeople, peasants frequently consumed this hearty porridge as their primary meal.

Getting around

Slow pace of travel

Travel was slow and unpredictable, with average travelers covering only 30 to 45 kilometers per day, though some could reach up to 80 kilometers. Journeys were often delayed by poor road conditions, weather, or the need to stop for horse fodder every 20 to 40 kilometers.

What it cost

Income of a Hessian foot soldier

A foot soldier hired to serve the Landgrave of Hesse could earn an annual salary of 40 gulden, along with two sets of court clothing.