Fernando Tomás de Austria

At the table

Wine replaced unsafe drinking water

Ordinary families often drank wine instead of water because water was frequently contaminated, and wine provided necessary calories. Wine was typically consumed diluted, sometimes mixed with spices.

What people wore

Extremely tight and uncomfortable male fashion

At mid-century, men's fashion favored extremely tight garments, such as the jubón (doublet) and ropilla, often making it difficult to fasten clothing or move comfortably. Fashionable men wore stockings so thin that they were barely visible, and shoes often had to be force-fitted by cobblers to achieve the required tight look.

Getting around

Carriage travel and incidents in mid-17th century Madrid

Travel by carriage was largely reserved for the wealthy or noble; these vehicles were uncomfortable as they lacked suspension and had their body fixed to the wheel axles. Traffic congestion in Madrid was severe enough that in January 1655, a dispute over a coach accident led an offended noble to attack the governor's mules with a sword.

What it cost

Worker income and book prices in 1650

A Castilian laborer earned 13,300 maravedíes annually in 1650, meaning a week of wages could purchase a copy of Góngora's complete works.

Music

Provocative dances dominated social life

Popular, provocative dances like the zarabanda and chacona originated in the streets and were often criticized for their lascivious nature, yet they remained immensely popular.

Daily life

Home-based education and skills training

Education for children was primarily home-based, where they acquired basic life skills, religious practices, and labor training from their families.