In South America1810–1825
Spanish America wins independence
From Mexico to Argentina, led by Bolívar, San Martín and others, Spain’s colonies broke away and became a dozen republics.
Rio de Janeiro, 4 Nov 1823 – Lisbon, 31 Jan 1891
8 facts2 sources
4 Nov 1823
Born in Rio de Janeiro
19 Jun 1860
A daughter is born
31 Jan 1891
Dies in Lisbon, aged 67
He lived through 8 decades. Pick one to hear and see what it was like around Rio de Janeiro.
General history, not a record about the family: each item says where it comes from.
Who governed
Monarch of Portugal, 1816–1826 · Kingdom of Portugal
Emperor of Brazil, 1822–1831 · Empire of Brazil
Monarch of Portugal, 1826–1828 · Kingdom of Portugal
In South America1810–1825
From Mexico to Argentina, led by Bolívar, San Martín and others, Spain’s colonies broke away and became a dozen republics.
Getting around
Inspection fees paid in réis
Caravans crossing between Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro paid fees of 250 to 370 réis per mule to pass inspection points.
In the news1824
The first group of German immigrants arrived in Rio de Janeiro on a Dutch ship, marking the beginning of organized European migration in this period. These immigrants were part of efforts to settle and develop different regions of the country.
What people wore
Informal home attire for men
Brazilian men often discarded stiff outer layers at home, wearing only a cotton shirt, knee-length breeches, and clogs. Only a few elite men owned nightgowns, which were used to signal worldliness and status.
Daily life
Classrooms Shared with Animals
Many primary schools were located in old houses with dirt floors, where students often shared space with animals like pigs and chickens.
In the news1820
The steamship Conde de Palmela, the first to reach Portugal, arrived on the Tagus River after a 1,000-mile journey.
Music
The popular Afro-Brazilian lundu dance
The lundu, an Afro-Brazilian dance characterized by sensual movements and syncopation, was performed in courtyards after the workday. While elites performed polite contra dances, the lower classes preferred the more expressive and energetic lundu.