What people wore
Everyday clothing for children and workers
Children often went completely naked in their early years, while enslaved women working in fields or as laborers frequently wore only a simple shirt. In some urban settings, young girls began wearing skirts around age 6 to 11, with differences in style reflecting social status.
Daily life
Lack of Running Water and Sewage
Even in wealthy city homes, there was no piped water or sewage system; water was carried by enslaved people from public fountains or streams, while waste was often dumped into the street.
In the news1824
Arrival of German Immigrants
The first group of German immigrants arrived in Rio de Janeiro on a Dutch ship, marking the beginning of organized European migration in this period. These immigrants were part of efforts to settle and develop different regions of the country.
Music
Popular dances and unique instruments
The jongo was a powerful dance performed by enslaved people in circles with rhythmic footwork, while the caquinhos, an unconventional instrument made of ceramic shards or metal, accompanied lundus and other songs.
At the table
A cheap and common breakfast in cities
A common breakfast for many, available in city cafes, cost four vinténs and consisted of a cup of coffee and a small bread roll with rancid Irish butter.
In South America1810–1825
Spanish America wins independence
From Mexico to Argentina, led by Bolívar, San Martín and others, Spain’s colonies broke away and became a dozen republics.
Getting around
Mule trains transported goods over months
Mule trains were the primary method for transporting goods between towns, with a trip between São Paulo and Vila Boa taking four months for the round trip.