Maria Domingas José de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Barreto, 3rd Duchess of Loulé

Music

Common instruments in rural homes

In rural Minho, it was rare to find a house without a viola or a cavaquinho, and sometimes a harmonica, which later became known as a concertina. Spontaneous neighborhood parties often erupted when someone started playing these instruments.

Daily life

Primary education reforms for children

During this period, the state made primary education mandatory for the first three years, with an optional fourth year, and worked to establish new primary schools across the country. However, many children, especially those from poorer families, often worked long hours in factories or in agricultural tasks instead of attending school.

What it cost

Entrance cost to the Crystal Palace

While the bourgeoisie enjoyed Sunday leisure, those who could afford the entrance fee paid 50 réis to visit the Crystal Palace in Porto.

What people wore

Heirloom Clothing Among Coastal Fishermen

Fishermen in the Beira Litoral region traditionally wore wide linen drawers and a wool cap while working, only adding a jacket when it was cold. Sunday or ceremonial outfits, including breeches and silver-buckled shoes, were often passed down through generations as precious family heirlooms.

Getting around

Hiring Mules and Drivers

Travelers often rode mules, which were paid up to 12 testoons per day; the driver (arrieiro) was expected to be paid 240 réis per day in addition to his food.

At the table

Pork and bread consumption habits

Pork was the primary meat in the rural diet, preserved by salting or smoking in the chimney. Wheat bread was considered a luxury and was typically reserved only for feast days.